brouken in Middle English

IPA: /ˈbruːkən/, /ˈbroːkən/ [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Old English brūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną. The variant form with /oː/ (which is the source of the modern pronunciation) is of unclear origin. Etymology templates: {{inh|enm|ang|brūcan}} Old English brūcan, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*brūkan}} Proto-West Germanic *brūkan, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*brūkaną}} Proto-Germanic *brūkaną Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} brouken Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|brouk|y=0}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], brouken [infinitive], to brouken [infinitive], brouke [infinitive], brouke [first-person, present, singular], brouked [first-person, past, singular], broukest [present, second-person, singular], broukedest [past, second-person, singular], brouketh [present, singular, third-person], brouked [past, singular, third-person], brouke [present, singular, subjunctive], brouked [past, singular, subjunctive], brouke [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], brouken [plural, present], brouke [plural, present], broukeden [past, plural], broukede [past, plural], brouketh [imperative, plural, present], brouke [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], broukynge [participle, present], broukende [participle, present], brouked [participle, past]

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "brook"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "brook"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "brūcan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English brūcan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brūkaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūkaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English brūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną.\nThe variant form with /oː/ (which is the source of the modern pronunciation) is of unclear origin.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "brouken",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brouk",
        "y": "0"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To use; to employ."
      ],
      "id": "en-brouken-enm-verb-b80SCLxT",
      "links": [
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ],
        [
          "employ",
          "employ"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "39 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To enjoy, to have the benefit of something."
      ],
      "id": "en-brouken-enm-verb-9DoN~EgR",
      "links": [
        [
          "enjoy",
          "enjoy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbruːkən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbroːkən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "brouken"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "brook"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "brook"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "brūcan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English brūcan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brūkan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brūkan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brūkaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūkaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English brūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan, from Proto-Germanic *brūkaną.\nThe variant form with /oː/ (which is the source of the modern pronunciation) is of unclear origin.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouken",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouketh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouke",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "broukende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brouked",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "brouken",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brouk",
        "y": "0"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "To use; to employ."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ],
        [
          "employ",
          "employ"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "To enjoy, to have the benefit of something."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "enjoy",
          "enjoy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbruːkən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbroːkən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "brouken"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"brouken" meaning in Middle English

Verb